Why KYC comes before commercial terms
In cross-border petroleum trade, verification is not a formality — it is the difference between a transaction and an exposure.
Insights
Notes from the desk.
Short-form perspective on compliance, documentation and process in international energy transactions.
6 min→
Reading an LOI, ICPO and FCO correctly
The instruments exchanged early in a transaction carry specific weight. Misreading them is a common source of failed deals.
What actually happens between SPA and title transfer
ATV, TSR, SGS and dip test — the inspection stages that protect both buyer and supplier before payment moves.
EN590 and Jet A-1 — specification discipline matters
Product specification mismatches are among the most preventable causes of transaction failure in refined products trade.
Non-circumvention: protecting every party's interest
A clear look at why non-circumvention and non-disclosure terms exist, and how they are enforced in practice.
Understanding commission structures in brokered transactions
How intermediary commissions are typically structured, disclosed and protected across the transaction chain.